Systematic Review of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Control: Challenges, Solutions, and Meta-Heuristic Optimization
(1) * Noorulden Basil Mail (Mustansiriyah University, Iraq)
(2) Bayan Mahdi Sabbar Mail (Al-Mustaqbal University, Iraq)
(3) Hamzah M. Marhoon Mail (Al-Nahrain University, Iraq)
(4) Abdullah Fadhil Mohammed Mail (Mustansiriyah University, Iraq)
(5) Alfian Ma'arif Mail (Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Indonesia)
*corresponding author

Abstract


Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are powerful tools with vast potential, yet they face significant challenges. One of the primary issues is flight endurance, limited by current battery technology. Researchers are exploring alternative power sources, including hybrid systems and internal combustion engines, and considering docking stations for battery exchange or recharging. Beyond endurance, UAVs must address safety, efficient path planning, payload capacity balancing, and flight autonomy. The complexity increases when considering swarming behaviour, collision avoidance, and communication protocols. Despite these challenges, research continues to unlock UAVs’ potential, with path planning optimization significantly advanced by meta-heuristic algorithms like the Cuckoo Optimization Algorithm (COA). Whereas, meta-heuristic algorithms can be defined as system-level strategies that are used to seek suboptimal solutions to optimization problems. It uses heuristic approaches together with the exploration/exploitation scheme in order to effectively employ within large solution spaces. However, dynamic environments still present difficulties. UAVs have evolved beyond recreational use, becoming essential in industries like agriculture, delivery services, surveillance, and disaster relief. By resolving issues related to autonomy, battery longevity, and security, the benefits of UAV technology can be fully optimized. This systematic review emphasizes the importance of continuous innovation in UAV research to overcome these challenges.

Keywords


Unmanned Aerial Vehicles; Optimization Algorithms; Decision-Making; Artificial Intelligence; Machine Learning

   

DOI

https://doi.org/10.31763/ijrcs.v4i4.1596 		      

Article metrics

10.31763/ijrcs.v4i4.1596 Abstract views : 438 | PDF views : 177

   

Cite

How to cite item
   

Full Text

Download

References


[1] M. Aljehani, M. Inoue, A. Watanbe, T. Yokemura, F. Ogyu, and H. Iida, “UAV communication system integrated into network traversal with mobility,” SN Applied Sciences, vol. 2, no. 1057, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2749-5.

[2] A. Y. Alkayas, M. Chehadeh, A. Ayyad and Y. Zweiri, "Systematic Online Tuning of Multirotor UAVs for Accurate Trajectory Tracking Under Wind Disturbances and In-Flight Dynamics Changes," IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 6798-6813, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3142388.

[3] T. Jiang, J. Li, and K. Huang, “Longitudinal parameter identification of a small unmanned aerial vehicle based on modified particle swarm optimization,” Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 865-873, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2015.04.005.

[4] L. Zhi, W. Yong, “Fuzzy adaptive tracking control within the full envelope for an unmanned aerial vehicle,” Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 1273-1287, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2014.08.012.

[5] L. S. Uman, “Systematic reviews and meta-analyses,” Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 57-59, 2011, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3024725/.

[6] J. P. A. Ioannidis, “The mass production of redundant, misleading, and conflicted systematic reviews and meta‐analyses,” The Milbank Quarterly, vol. 94, no. 3, pp. 485-514, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12210.

[7] L. Zhong, H. Yuqing, Y. Living, H. Jianda, “Control techniques of tilt rotor unmanned aerial vehicle systems: A review,” Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 135-148, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2016.11.001.

[8] S. Sai, A. Garg, K. Jhawar, V. Chamola and B. Sikdar, "A Comprehensive Survey on Artificial Intelligence for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles," IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology, vol. 4, pp. 713-738, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2023.3316181.

[9] H. M. Jayaweera and S. Hanoun, "A Dynamic Artificial Potential Field (D-APF) UAV Path Planning Technique for Following Ground Moving Targets," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 192760-192776, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3032929.

[10] H. A. Mwenegoha, T. Moore, J. Pinchin and M. Jabbal, "A Model-based Tightly Coupled Architecture for Low-Cost Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Real-Time Applications," IEEE Access, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3038530.

[11] K. Shao, K. Huang, S. Zhen, H. Sun and R. Yu, "A Novel Approach for Trajectory Tracking Control of an Under-Actuated Quad-Rotor UAV," IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica, vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 2030-2032, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1109/JAS.2016.7510238.

[12] D. L. D. Silva, R. Machado, O. L. Coutinho and F. Antreich, "A Soft-Kill Reinforcement Learning Counter Unmanned Aerial System (C-UAS) With Accelerated Training," IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 31496-31507, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3253481.

[13] Z. Xu, Y. Zhang, H. Chen, Y. Hu, and L. Wang, “Research on precise route control of unmanned aerial vehicles based on physical simulation systems,” Results in Physics, vol. 56, p. 107200, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2023.107200.

[14] R. Jung et al., “The effect of blade skew on the interaction tones produced by a contra-rotating unmanned aerial vehicle rotor system,” Journal of Sound and Vibration, vol. 572, p. 118186, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2023.118186.

[15] D. Lee, D. J. Hess, and M. A. Heldeweg, “Safety and privacy regulations for unmanned aerial vehicles: A multiple comparative analysis,” Technology in Society, vol. 71, p. 102079, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.102079.

[16] S. Hao, T. Ma, S. Chen, H. Ma, J. Xiang, and F. Ouyang, “Static aeroelasticity of the propulsion system of ion propulsion unmanned aerial vehicles,” Propulsion and Power Research, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 336-355, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jppr.2023.01.001.

[17] A. Tahir, J. Böling, M. H. Haghbayan, H. T. Toivonen, and J. Plosila, “Swarms of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles - A Survey,” Journal of Industrial Information Integration, vol. 16, p. 100106, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jii.2019.100106.

[18] V. Raja, A. Prakash R, A. Kumar, and D. A. d. J. Pacheco, “Multi-disciplinary engineering design of a high-speed nature-inspired unmanned aquatic vehicle,” Ocean Engineering, vol. 270, p. 113455, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.113455.

[19] M. Allenspach and G. J. J. Ducard, “Nonlinear model predictive control and guidance for a propeller-tilting hybrid unmanned air vehicle,” Automatica, vol. 132, p. 109790, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.automatica.2021.109790.

[20] N. Drucker, H. M. Ho, J. Ouaknine, M. Penn, and O. Strichman, “Cyclic-routing of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles,” Journal of Computer and System Sciences, vol. 103, pp. 18-45, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcss.2019.02.002.

[21] C. Ke and H. Chen, “Cooperative path planning for air–sea heterogeneous unmanned vehicles using search-and-tracking mission,” Ocean Engineering, vol. 262, p. 112020, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.112020.

[22] N. Basil and H. M. Marhoon, “Towards evaluation of the PID criteria based UAVs observation and tracking head within resizable selection by COA algorithm,” Results in Control and Optimization, vol. 12, p. 100279, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rico.2023.100279.

[23] Y. Liu, “EURO Journal on Transportation and Logistics A multi-agent semi-cooperative unmanned air traffic management model with separation assurance,” EURO Journal on Transportation and Logistics, vol. 10, p. 100058, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtl.2021.100058.

[24] J. Jordan, “The future of unmanned combat aerial vehicles: An analysis using the Three Horizons framework,” Futures, vol. 134, p. 102848, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2021.102848.

[25] L. Zhang, S. Wu, and C. Tang, “Cooperative positioning of underwater unmanned vehicle clusters based on factor graphs,” Ocean Engineering, vol. 287, p. 115854, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.115854.

[26] N. Basil, H. M. Marhoon, M. R. Hayal, E. E. Elsayed, I. Nurhidayat, and M. A. Shah, “Black-hole optimisation algorithm with FOPID-based automation intelligence photovoltaic system for voltage and power issues,” Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 115-127, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1080/1448837X.2024.2308415.

[27] M. Vierhauser, A. Garmendia, M. Stadler, M. Wimmer, and J. Cleland-huang, “The Journal of Systems & Software GRuM - A flexible model-driven runtime monitoring framework and its application to automated aerial and ground vehicles ✩,” Journal of Systems and Software, vol. 203, p. 111733, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2023.111733.

[28] N. Basil and H. M. Marhoon, “Selection and evaluation of FOPID criteria for the X-15 adaptive flight control system (AFCS) via Lyapunov candidates: Optimizing trade-offs and critical values using optimization algorithms,” e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy, vol. 6, p. 100305, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prime.2023.100305.

[29] S. Poudel and S. Moh, “Task assignment algorithms for unmanned aerial vehicle networks: A comprehensive survey ✩,” Vehicular Communications, vol. 35, p. 100469, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vehcom.2022.100469.

[30] J. Xia, Y. Luo, Z. Liu, Y. Zhang, H. Shi, and Z. Liu, “Cooperative multi-target hunting by unmanned surface vehicles based on multi-agent reinforcement learning,” Defence Technology, vol. 29, pp. 80-94, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2022.09.014.

[31] S. Mishra, “Heliyon Internet of things enabled deep learning methods using unmanned aerial vehicles enabled integrated farm management,” Heliyon, vol. 9, no. 8, p. e18659, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18659.

[32] I. Colomina and P. Molina, “ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Unmanned aerial systems for photogrammetry and remote sensing: A review,” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, vol. 92, pp. 79-97, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2014.02.013.

[33] N. Basil, M. E. Alqaysi, M. Deveci, A. S. Albahri, O. S. Albahri, and A. H. Alamoodi, “Evaluation of autonomous underwater vehicle motion trajectory optimization algorithms,” Knowledge-Based Systems, vol. 276, p. 110722, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2023.110722.

[34] G. Wu, X. Gao, X. Fu, K. Wan, and R. Di, “Mobility control of unmanned aerial vehicle as communication relay in airborne multi-user systems,” Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 1520-1529, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2019.02.010.

[35] B. Li, Y. He, J. Han, and J. Xiao, “A new modeling scheme for powered parafoil unmanned aerial vehicle platforms: Theory and experiments,” Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, vol. 32, no. 11, pp. 2466-2479, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2019.04.001.

[36] X. Wang, Y. Zhang, L. Wang, and D. Lu, “Robustness evaluation method for unmanned aerial vehicle swarms based on complex network theory,” Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 352-364, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2019.04.025.

[37] K. C. U. Obias, M. F. Q. Say, E. A. V. Fernandez, A. Y. Chua and E. Sybingco, "A Study of the Interaction of Proportional-Integral- Derivative (PID) Control in a Quadcopter Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Using Design of Experiment," 2019 IEEE 11th International Conference on Humanoid, Nanotechnology, Information Technology, Communication and Control, Environment, and Management (HNICEM), pp. 1-4, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1109/HNICEM48295.2019.9072806.

[38] Z. Yu, Y. Zhang, B. Jiang, J. Fu, and Y. Jin, “REVIEW A review on fault-tolerant cooperative control of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles,” Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 1-18, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2021.04.022.

[39] D. Zhao et al., “A multiscale transform denoising method of the bionic polarized light compass for improving the unmanned aerial vehicle navigation accuracy,” Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 400-414, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2021.04.028.

[40] A. F. Mohammed, H. M. Marhoon, N. Basil, and A. Ma’arif, “A New Hybrid Intelligent Fractional Order Proportional Double Derivative+ Integral (FOPDD+ I) Controller with ANFIS Simulated on Automatic Voltage Regulator System,” International Journal of Robotics and Control Systems, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 463-479, 2024, https://doi.org/10.31763/ijrcs.v4i2.1336.

[41] W. Lin, L. Li, Y. Liu, Y. He, and Y. Liu, “Timeliness optimization of unmanned aerial vehicle lossy communications for internet-of-things,” Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 249-255, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2022.08.022.

[42] N. Basil and H. M. Marhoon, “Correction to: selection and evaluation of FOPID criteria for the X-15 adaptive flight control system (AFCS) via Lyapunov candidates: Optimizing trade-offs and critical values using optimization algorithms,” e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy, vol. 8, p. 100589, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prime.2024.100589.

[43] L. Wang, J. Wang, J. Ai, H. Liu, and T. Yue, “Suggestions for flying qualities requirements of autonomous control unmanned combat aerial vehicles,” Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, vol. 36, no. 11, pp. 42-57, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2023.05.023.

[44] N. Basil, H. M. Marhoon, and A. R. Ibrahim, “A new thrust vector-controlled rocket based on JOA using MCDA,” Measurement: Sensors, vol. 26, p. 100672, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measen.2023.100672.

[45] I. Elkhrachy, “Accuracy Assessment of Low-Cost Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Photogrammetry,” Alexandria Engineering Journal, vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 5579-5590, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2021.04.011.

[46] A. O. Khadidos, I. Al-darraji, A. O. Khadidos, and G. Tsaramirsis, “A new tilted aerial robotic platform: Modeling and control,” Alexandria Engineering Journal, vol. 84, pp. 126-137, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2023.11.007.

[47] A. F. Mohammed et al., “Selection and Evaluation of Robotic Arm based Conveyor Belts (RACBs) Motions: NARMA (L2)-FO (ANFIS) PD-I based Jaya Optimization Algorithm,” International Journal of Robotics and Control Systems, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 262-290, 2024, https://doi.org/10.31763/ijrcs.v4i1.1243.

[48] C. Ramos-romero, N. Green, A. J. Torija, and C. Asensio, “On-field noise measurements and acoustic characterisation of multi-rotor small unmanned aerial systems,” Aerospace Science and Technology, vol. 141, p. 108537, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2023.108537.

[49] F. S. Raheem and N. Basil, “Automation intelligence photovoltaic system for power and voltage issues based on Black Hole Optimization algorithm with FOPID,” Measurement: Sensors, vol. 25, p. 100640, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measen.2022.100640.

[50] H. M. Marhoon, N. Basil, and B. B. Q. Elias, “Design and Manufacturing of an Efficient Low-Cost Fire Surveillance System Based on GSM Communications and IoT Technology,” Proceedings of Third International Conference on Computing and Communication Networks, pp. 77-93, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0892-5_6.

[51] D. Aláez et al., “Digital twin modeling of open category UAV radio communications: A case study,” Computer Networks, vol. 242, p. 110276, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2024.110276.

[52] H. M. Marhoon, N. Basil, and A. Ma’arif, “Exploring Blockchain Data Analysis and Its Communications Architecture: Achievements, Challenges, and Future Directions: A Review Article,” International Journal of Robotics and Control Systems, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 609-626, 2023, https://doi.org/10.31763/ijrcs.v3i3.1100.

[53] L. Yang, S. Li, C. Zhu, A. Zhang, and Z. Liao, “Advanced Engineering Informatics Spatio-temporal correlation-based multiple regression for anomaly detection and recovery of unmanned aerial vehicle flight data,” Advanced Engineering Informatics, vol. 60, p. 102440, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2024.102440.

[54] N. B. Mohamadwasel and S. Kurnaz, “Implementation of the parallel robot using FOPID with fuzzy type-2 in use social spider optimization algorithm,” Applied Nanoscience, vol. 13, pp. 1389-1899, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-024-03013-6.

[55] M. Mammarella, L. Comba, A. Biglia, F. Dabbene, P. Gay, “ScienceDirect Cooperation of unmanned systems for agricultural applications: A case study in a vineyard,” Biosystems Engineering, vol. 223, pp. 81-102, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2021.12.010.

[56] H. M. Marhoon, A. I. Alanssari, and N. Basil, “Design and Implementation of an Intelligent Safety and Security System for Vehicles Based on GSM Communication and IoT Network for Real-Time Tracking,” Journal of Robotics and Control, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 708-718, 2023, https://doi.org/10.18196/jrc.v4i5.19652.

[57] H. M. Marhoon, N. Basil, and A. F. Mohammed, “Medical Defense Nanorobots (MDNRs): a new evaluation and selection of controller criteria for improved disease diagnosis and patient safety using NARMA(L2)-FOP + D(ANFIS)µ – Iλ-based Archimedes Optimization Algorithm,” International Journal of Information Technology, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s41870-023-01724-7.

[58] J. Steenvoorden, H. Bartholomeus, and J. Limpens, “International Journal of Applied Earth Observations and Geoinformation Less is more: Optimizing vegetation mapping in peatlands using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs),” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, vol. 117, p. 103220, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2023.103220.

[59] V. Chamola, P. Kotesh, A. Agarwal, and N. Gupta, “Ad Hoc Networks A Comprehensive Review of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Attacks and Neutralization Techniques,” Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 111, p. 102324, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2020.102324.

[60] N. Basil and A. Ma’arif, “NB Theory with Bargaining Problem: A New Theory,” International Journal of Robotics and Control Systems, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 606-609, 2022, https://doi.org/10.31763/ijrcs.v2i3.798.

[61] Saifullah, Z. Ren, K. Hussain, and M. Faheem, “Ad Hoc Networks K-means online-learning routing protocol (K-MORP) for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) adhoc networks,” Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 154, p. 103354, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2023.103354.

[62] A. M. Raivi and S. Moh, “A comprehensive survey on data aggregation techniques in UAV-enabled Internet of things,” Computer Science Review, vol. 50, p. 100599, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosrev.2023.100599.

[63] T. Ojha, T. P. Raptis, A. Passarella, and M. Conti, “Wireless power transfer with unmanned aerial vehicles: State of the art and open challenges,” Pervasive and Mobile Computing, vol. 93, p. 101820, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmcj.2023.101820.

[64] N. Basil, H. M. Marhoon, S. Gokulakrishnan, and D. Buddhi, “Jaya optimization algorithm implemented on a new novel design of 6-DOF AUV body: a case study,” Multimedia Tools and Applications, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-14293-x.

[65] F. Saeed et al., “Smart delivery and retrieval of swab collection kit for COVID-19 test using autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicles,” Physical Communication, vol. 48, p. 101373, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phycom.2021.101373.

[66] G. Guido, V. Gallelli, D. Rogano, and A. Vitale, “International Journal of Transportation Evaluating the accuracy of vehicle tracking data obtained from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles,” International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 136-151, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtst.2016.12.001.

[67] B. S. Freeman, J. Ahmad, A. Matawah, M. Al, B. Gharabaghi, and J. Thé, “International Journal of Transportation Vehicle stacking estimation at signalized intersections with unmanned aerial systems Ministry of Interior,” International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 231-249, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtst.2018.12.002.

[68] H. M. Marhoon, A. R. Ibrahim, and N. Basil, “Enhancement of Electro Hydraulic Position Servo Control System Utilising Ant Lion Optimiser,” International Journal of Nonlinear Analysis and Applications, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 2453-2461, 2021, https://doi.org/10.22075/ijnaa.2021.5387.

[69] B. Qian, N. Al, and B. Dong, “New technologies for UAV navigation with real-time pattern recognition,” Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 15, no. 3, p. 102480, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2023.102480.

[70] B. Yu, H. Jeon, H. Bang, S. Soo, and J. Min, “Fender segmentation in unmanned aerial vehicle images based on densely connected receptive fi eld block,” International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, vol. 14, p. 100472, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2022.100472.

[71] A. R. Ibrahim, N. Basil, and M. I. Mahdi, “Implementation enhancement of AVR control system within optimization techniques,” International Journal of Nonlinear Analysis and Applications, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 2021-2027, 2021, https://doi.org/10.22075/ijnaa.2021.5339.

[72] P. Sheng-zhao, Z. Hua-liang, D. Yu-long, B. Wen-qiang, and F. Jun-liang, “Nitrogen nutrition diagnosis for cotton under mulched drip irrigation using unmanned aerial vehicle multispectral images,”
Journal of Integrative Agriculture, vol. 22, no. 8, pp. 2536-2552, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jia.2023.02.027.

[73] N. B. Mohamadwasel, “Rider Optimization Algorithm implemented on the AVR Control System using MATLAB with FOPID,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 928, no. 3, p. 032017, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/928/3/032017.

[74] H. M. Marhoon, N. Qasem, N. Basil, and A. R. Ibrahim, “Design and Simulation of a Compact Metal-Graphene Frequency Reconfigurable Microstrip Patch Antenna with FSS Superstrate for 5G Applications,” International Journal on Engineering Applications, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 193-201, 2022, https://doi.org/10.15866/irea.v10i3.21752.

[75] Z. Jin, D. Li, and J. Xiang, “Robot Pilot: A New Autonomous System Toward Flying Manned Aerial Vehicles,” Engineering, vol. 27, pp. 242-253, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2022.10.018.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2024 Bayan Mahdi Sabbar, Noorulden Basil, Abdullah Fadhil Mohammed, Alfian Ma'arif

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

 

About the JournalJournal PoliciesAuthor Information

International Journal of Robotics and Control Systems
e-ISSN: 2775-2658
Website: https://pubs2.ascee.org/index.php/IJRCS
Email: ijrcs@ascee.org
Organized by: Association for Scientific Computing Electronics and Engineering (ASCEE), Peneliti Teknologi Teknik Indonesia, Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan and Kuliah Teknik Elektro
Published by: Association for Scientific Computing Electronics and Engineering (ASCEE)
Office: Jalan Janti, Karangjambe 130B, Banguntapan, Bantul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia